S100A9-Dependent CXCR2hi Neutrophils Mediate Systemic Immune Suppression and Checkpoint Resistance in Metastatic TNBC
Abstract
Most high-dimensional studies of tumor-immune interactions focus on metastatic models, limiting insight into how immune remodeling in primary tumors shapes metastatic competence. Here, integrating single-cell RNA sequencing, CyTOF, and functional studies across metastatic (4T1) and non-invasive (EMT6) triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) murine models, we define tumor state-specific immune programs that distinguish metastatic competence. Tumors with metastatic capacity uniquely drive early bone marrow expansion of CXCR2 neutrophils, which infiltrate primary tumors acquiring a CXCL2-producing phenotype that promotes EMT-associated cancer stem cell (CSC) plasticity. This program depends on TGF-{beta}/CEBPD-mediated induction of S100A9. Elevated CXCL2, together with G-CSF, establishes a feed-forward circuit that drives systemic neutrophil mobilization and recruitment to distant organs, where neutrophil-derived S100A8/A9 (calprotectin) promotes MET-driven CSC outgrowth and metastatic colonization. Clinically, gene signatures associated with CXCR2 neutrophils predict poor survival in TNBC patients, whereas monocyte/macrophage (CX3CR1) and T cell activation signatures correlate with improved outcomes. S100A9 ablation disrupts this cascade and enhances immunotherapy responsiveness, defining a TGF-{beta}/S100A9/CXCR2 axis linking immune remodeling, CSC plasticity and metastasis. HighlightsO_LIMetastatic TNBC engages a TGF-{beta}/C/EBP{delta}/S100A9 axis that expands CXCR2 neutrophils C_LIO_LINon-invasive EMT6 tumors retain a CX3CR1 monocyte/macrophage and T-cell landscape C_LIO_LICXCR2+ neutrophils in pre-metastatic niches suppress T cell response while promoting tumor cell proliferation C_LIO_LIS100A9 loss redirects myelopoiesis and potentiates anti-PD-L1 in TNBC models C_LI In BriefAlkan et al. dissect how tumor state programs the myeloid compartment in TNBC. Metastatic 4T1 tumors uniquely engage a TGF-{beta}/C/EBP{delta}/S100A9 axis driving CXCR2 neutrophil expansion and CXCL2/G-CSF-dependent systemic mobilization, coupling immune remodeling to EMT/MET cancer-stem-cell plasticity, while S100A9 loss restores CX3CR1 myeloid identity and unlocks checkpoint-inhibitor responsiveness.
Lifecycle
- biorxiv v1 2026-07-08 source ↗
Discussion
Moderated digest of third-party discussion on Bluesky — substantive endorsement and critique.
-
#SingleCell preprints @prepub-singlecell.bsky.social · 721 followers neutral
S100A9-Dependent CXCR2hi Neutrophils Mediate Systemic Immune Suppression and Checkpoint Resistance in Metastatic TNBC #SingleCell 🧪🧬🖥️ https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.09.731132v1
-
Waggoner Lab @labwaggoner.bsky.social · 4426 followers neutral
@biorxivpreprint.bsky.social S100A9-Dependent CXCR2hi Neutrophils Mediate Systemic Immune Suppression and Checkpoint Resistance in Metastatic TNBC www.biorxiv.org/content/10.6...
-
bioRxiv Cancer Bio @biorxiv-cancer.bsky.social · 3938 followers neutral
S100A9-Dependent CXCR2hi Neutrophils Mediate Systemic Immune Suppression and Checkpoint Resistance in Metastatic TNBC https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.09.731132v1
-
bioRxivpreprint @biorxivpreprint.bsky.social · 8895 followers neutral
S100A9-Dependent CXCR2hi Neutrophils Mediate Systemic Immune Suppression and Checkpoint Resistance in Metastatic TNBC https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.09.731132v1